How state-run media in China constructs and circulates normative ideals of gender, family, and nationalism
Ismael Pau Berger, Valene Spence, Yidan Liang
This research investigates how state-run media in China constructs and circulates normative ideals of gender, family, and nationalism in the context of shifting population policies. Focusing on the Women of China magazine (2023–2025), we explore how the All-China Women’s Federation (ACWF)—a flagship institution of state feminism—navigates the tension between promoting gender equality and advancing state pronatalist agendas. As China moves from the one-child policy era toward encouraging two- and three-child families, state narratives increasingly reconfigure the family as a moral and political unit central to national rejuvenation. This raises the question: How are ideal family values and gender roles constructed and promoted in Women of China under contemporary demographic governance? Our analytical approach combines qualitative content analysis with Critical Discourse Analysis, using the latter to unpack how language and representation reproduce power relations and normalize ideological positions. Drawing on Fairclough’s tripartite model, the study examines the textual, discursive, and sociopolitical dimensions of 50 articles from the magazine’s “Family” column. Coding was conducted in MAXQDA through two iterative rounds, supported by a team-based approach to ensure intercoder reliability. Descriptive codes mapped surface-level content (e.g. family structure, gender roles), analytical codes targeted ideological constructs (e.g. nationalism, moral virtue). Theoretical grounding draws on Gramsci’s notion of hegemony and Althusser’s Ideological State Apparatuses, situating media as a key mechanism for cultivating consent and reproducing state ideologies in everyday life. Feminist and biopolitical frameworks—particularly from Sara Ahmed, Nira Yuval-Davis, and Foucault—further contextualize the family as both a site of affective labor and demographic control. Findings reveal that families are idealized not only as harmonious domestic units but as patriotic microcosms of the nation, infused with state-aligned moral obligations. Gender roles are persistently asymmetrical: women are framed as sacrificial caretakers and emotional anchors, while men appear as supportive co-providers and ideological exemplars. The narratives remain celebratory and moralizing, with most families portrayed as “model citizens” awarded by the state. Session: 'Backlash Against Gender: Comparative Perspectives on Global Anti-Gender Politics' Abstract: 2/3.